Methods of Execution

Lethal Injection

Though lethal injection has been used for a majority of the executions carried out in the modern era, it is plagued by problematic executions and controversy.

Overview 

All states and the fed­er­al gov­ern­ment use lethal injec­tion as their pri­ma­ry method of exe­cu­tion. Jurisdictions use a vari­ety of pro­to­cols typ­i­cal­ly employ­ing one, two, or three drugs. Most three-drug pro­to­cols use an anes­thet­ic or seda­tive, fol­lowed by a drug to par­a­lyze the inmate, and final­ly a drug to stop the heart. The one and two-drug pro­to­cols typ­i­cal­ly use an over­dose of an anes­thet­ic or seda­tive to cause death.

Although the con­sti­tu­tion­al­i­ty of lethal injec­tion has been upheld by the Supreme Court, the spe­cif­ic appli­ca­tions used in states con­tin­ues to be wide­ly chal­lenged pri­or to each exe­cu­tion. Because it is increas­ing­ly dif­fi­cult to obtain the drugs used in ear­li­er exe­cu­tions, states have resort­ed to exper­i­ment­ing with new drugs and drug com­bi­na­tions to car­ry out exe­cu­tions, result­ing in numer­ous pro­longed and painful exe­cu­tions. States are also turn­ing to pre­vi­ous­ly dis­card­ed forms of exe­cu­tion, such as the elec­tric chair and gas cham­ber, in the event that lethal drugs can­not be obtained.

At Issue 

Even though the issues sur­round­ing lethal injec­tion are far from set­tled, states are attempt­ing to cut off debate by con­ceal­ing their exe­cu­tion prac­tices under a veil of secre­cy. Recently passed laws bar the pub­lic from learn­ing the sources of lethal drugs being used, mak­ing it impos­si­ble to judge the reli­a­bil­i­ty of the man­u­fac­tur­er or the pos­si­ble expi­ra­tion of these drugs.

What DPI Offers 

DPI has state-by-state sum­maries of the meth­ods of exe­cu­tion cur­rent­ly in place and the types of drugs used in each exe­cu­tion in the past ten years. A DPI report cov­ers the exe­cu­tion secre­cy laws that have been imposed in many states. Statements from var­i­ous phar­ma­ceu­ti­cal com­pa­nies bar­ring the use of their drugs in exe­cu­tions are also provided.

News & Developments


News

Jun 16, 2025

Governor Says Indiana Will Not Purchase More Lethal Injection Drugs, Invites Debate over Death Penalty

According to Governor Mike Braun (pic­tured), Indiana has deplet­ed the sup­ply of pen­to­bar­bi­tal it uses in its lethal injec­tion exe­cu­tions. Given that the last of the dos­es pur­chased in December 2024 expired and went unused, Gov. Braun does not intend to renew the state’s sup­ply. According to ear­li­er report­ing by the Indiana Capital Chronicle, the Indiana Department of Correction (IDC) spent $900,000 on pen­to­bar­bi­tal in late 2024 in prepa­ra­tion for the execution of…

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News

May 27, 2025

Tennessee Governor Allows State’s First Execution in Five Years to Proceed Despite Concerns Over Lethal Injection Drug

On May 22, 2025, Tennessee exe­cut­ed Oscar Smith by lethal injec­tion, mark­ing the state’s first exe­cu­tion in five years despite a pend­ing law­suit chal­leng­ing the state’s new lethal injec­tion pro­to­col that relies on one drug — pen­to­bar­bi­tal. Other death row pris­on­ers and attor­neys for Mr. Smith had urged Governor Bill Lee to grant a reprieve, cit­ing an upcom­ing January 2026 tri­al that will deter­mine the con­sti­tu­tion­al­i­ty of the new exe­cu­tion pro­to­col. They…

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News

May 22, 2025

Violent” Movements During Indiana Execution Raise Unanswered Questions

Benjamin Ritchie’s exe­cu­tion in Indiana on May 20, 2025, has raised new con­cerns about the use of pen­to­bar­bi­tal after defense coun­sel report­ed their client dis­played an unusu­al phys­i­cal reac­tion after being inject­ed with the drug. But because Indiana offi­cials bar media wit­ness­es from observ­ing exe­cu­tions, the pub­lic has no inde­pen­dent wit­ness reports on what tran­spired. Steve Schutte, an attor­ney for Mr. Ritchie, told the Indiana Capital Chronicle that Mr. Ritchie…

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News

May 21, 2025

DPI’s Podcast 12:01 The Death Penalty in Context: Author Corinna Barrett Lain on the Untold Story” of Lethal Injection

In this month’s pod­cast episode of 12:01 The Death Penalty in Context, DPI’s Managing Director Anne Holsinger speaks with Corinna Barrett Lain, the S.D. Roberts & Sandra Moore Professor of Law at the University of Richmond School of Law and author of the recent­ly pub­lished book, Secrets of the Killing State: The Untold Story of Lethal Injection. Ms. Lain’s new book chal­lenges a wide­ly held assump­tion that lethal injec­tion is a pain­less, reg­u­lat­ed, and medically-sound…

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News

May 15, 2025

$200,000 Spent on Lethal Injection Drugs in Idaho Since 2023 Now Unusable

The Idaho Department of Corrections (IDOC) has admit­ted to spend­ing $200,000 on lethal injec­tion exe­cu­tion drugs since 2023, all of which have since expired with­out use. Josh Tewalt, the for­mer direc­tor of IDOC said in recent court fil­ings that the drugs in IDOC’s pos­ses­sion expired because of repeat­ed delays asso­ci­at­ed with sched­ul­ing an exe­cu­tion. Sanda Kuzeta-Cerimagic, an IDOC spokesper­son, told the Idaho Statesman that the depart­ment does not currently have…

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